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June 7, 2017 by lawyeradmin

5 Things All Hit and Run Accident Victims Should Know

Hit and run accidents result in well over 1,000 casualties a year in the United States. A hit and run can be one of the most traumatic and damaging incidents that you might experience, but you don’t have to settle for being helpless. By knowing the right steps to take following the incident, you can greatly improve your chances for recovering compensation for your suffering and property damage. With a car accident attorney by your side to protect your rights, your chances improve exponentially. Here are five things to keep in mind if you’re the victim of a hit and run accident:

  1. Damage caused to your unattended vehicle by an unknown driver counts as a hit and run. A hit and run can be categorized by either:
  2. Another driver hitting you and continuing on without stopping or
  3. The failure to share information with you after hitting your car while you were absent.

Many drivers are unable to receive justice for their hit and run victimization due to being unable to get a fleeing driver to come back after striking them on the road. In most cases, the victim must use their own insurance coverage to repair or replace their property.

2. Note the at-fault vehicle’s model, make, and license plate number.

Even though a hit-and-run accident can be a very stressful situation, you still need to make sure that you record as much relevant information as possible. This can help build a strong case or even help track down the negligent driver and hold them accountable.

3. Eye witness accounts from the scene of the crime can be incredibly valuable.

Not only should you make sure to record information regarding the other driver’s vehicle, you’ll also want to make sure to communicate with any witnesses on the scene as well.

  1. Get the names and contact information of everybody who was at the scene so that you have as much support as possible in building up the credibility of your case.
  2. If you’re lucky, you may even find that witnesses are able to fill in information that slipped your mind. At the very least, get their name and phone number.
  3. Ideally, video record their recollection of what happened by using the videotaping feature on your cell phone.
  4. In the absence of a cell phone, ask them to write down what happened while you are there with them. Also ask them to sign and date their written account. You will need to present this to your car accident attorney if you decide to pursue legal action or an insurance claim.

4. It’s essential to take pictures and/or video of the damage and the crash scene.

In addition to taking down all of the written information that you can, make a point to get photographic evidence as well. Take pictures from as many different angles of your damaged vehicle as possible, leaving no shadow of doubt as to what the extent of the crash was. Also get photos and/or video of the road and anything else of relevance to the accident.

In a case where witness support is slim, having a photograph that shows the paint of the other driver’s car on your vehicle can be very helpful.

5. The exact crash time and location are vital elements of your case.

Don’t fail to note the accurate time and location of the crash. If you’re not next to any specific specific address when the hit-and-run happens, reporting the nearest intersection and any nearby establishments can be vital. Also note weather and road surface conditions.

Your first priority should be to contact the police and/or ambulance immediately. By filing an accident report (with the support of information from any witnesses on the scene) you can expedite the process of receiving auto claim benefits. If you have concerns about collecting compensation for an accident you didn’t cause, contact a car accident lawyer Minneapolis MN relies on as soon as possible.

Johnston | Martineau PLLP Thanks to our friends and contributors from Johnston Martineau PLLP for their insight into hit and run accident cases.

Filed Under: Uncategorized

June 7, 2017 by lawyeradmin

Hit and Run: What Happens After?

When a driver crashes into private property, another vehicle, or a pedestrian, and leaves the scene without providing aid, identifying themselves, or both, such a situation is referred to as a hit-and-run accident. According to the NHTSA, about 11 out of 100 auto accidents fall under the category of hit-and-run accidents, of which 4.3 percent result in fatal injuries and death.

Failing to stop after an accident is considered a criminal offense in all 50 states. The crime can be a felony or a misdemeanor, based on the particular circumstances of the accident. However, both of these charges can lead to incarceration in a state prison or county jail, along with a hefty fine. In some cases, at-fault drivers are given the option to perform community service to avoid incarceration.

What to do after a Hit and Run Accident

If you were involved in an accident with another vehicle and the other driver fled the scene, it can be difficult to control emotions, like anger and frustration, but you need to act wisely. Here is what you should do following the accident:

Gather Information

The first thing you should do is obtain as much information as you can about the other vehicle. This may include the color, make, and model of the car, the license plate number, and the description of the driver. If there were other people who witnessed the accident, there is a good chance that they may have seen what and how everything happened in more detail. Ask for their contact information and ask them whatever they can tell you about the whole incident.

Get the Local Police Involved

Your next step should be to call the police. Since a hit-and-run accident is a serious offense, you need to make a police report and provide all the information you have about the incident. Working with the police dramatically increases the chances of the responsible party being apprehended, after which a criminal or civil case is filed based on the circumstances of the accident. Moreover, it is a good idea to document the incident yourself by making a video or taking a few pictures of your vehicle, showing the damages you have sustained for later reference.

Inform Your Insurance Company about the Accident

In hit-and-run cases, there is a chance that the police may not be able to find the at-fault driver. In such a situation, you need to make a claim on your insurance policy to recover damages. Fortunately, most insurance companies waive off any collision deductible in hit-and-run accidents, because the claimant is not at fault. So instead of waiting for the police to find the driver, it is best that you immediately contact your insurance provider and inform it about the accident so it can begin the claim process as soon as possible. Moreover, if you live in a no-fault state, you will have to rely on your own insurance policy to get compensation for most of your economic damages, regardless of who was responsible for the accident. Coping with a hit-and-run situation can be difficult because you are on your own to deal with the damages the other driver caused to you and your property. However, you should take these necessary steps to ensure you receive maximum compensation for your damages. You may also consider working with an experienced personal injury lawyer to improve your prospects.

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June 1, 2017 by lawyeradmin

Can You Sue for Airbags Not Deploying?

Modern vehicles now feature a wide range of safety features designed to protect passengers from serious injury in case of an accident. Airbags are generally one of the most important of these safety features and have saved countless lives since they became standard a few decades ago. Unfortunately, in some cases these airbags fail to deploy properly during an accident, which can potentially result in serious injuries or even death. In this case, it may be possible to sue the auto manufacturer for damages should the airbag failure be related to a specific defect or flaw.

A Quick Introduction to Automotive Liability Cases

The National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) inspects and regulates the automotive industry to ensure that all vehicles meet certain safety standards and requirements. However, it is also up to the manufacturers themselves to make sure that their vehicles meet these requirements.

Of course, this doesn’t always happen, which is why manufacturers are continually forced to issue recalls for faulty and defective parts. The problem is that many of these flaws are only discovered after investigations into tragic accidents eventually reveal the defect. When this happens, the manufacturers may be held liable for any damages that result due to the faulty part. Still, in order for an automotive liability case to proceed, the investigation must first conclusively prove that the accident or injury was a direct result of a defect in a specific part or overall design.

Suing for Damages Due to Faulty Air Bags

When the airbags fail to deploy in an accident, the fault could lie with the manufacturer of the vehicle, the airbag sensors, or the airbag itself. Therefore, it is always necessary to determine exactly what caused the problem as this will reveal which company or companies may be liable. Unfortunately, this generally requires an extensive investigation, which means that automotive liability cases tend to be quite costly.

Nonetheless, these types of cases become much easier when the defect causes numerous problems and eventually leads to a wide recall. In this case, the litigation is much simpler since the manufacturer will have already admitted fault by being forced to issue the recall. This actually happens incredibly frequently, and in fact, the NHTSA notes that record numbers of vehicles continue to be recalled each year.

Still, when this is not the case and a full investigation is necessary, it is usually only worth pursuing a court case when the accident resulted in more severe injuries. If no major injuries were sustained as a result of the airbags failing to deploy, it is generally not worth suing the manufacturer since the damage claim will be minor. Of course, if you or a loved one suffered from serious, traumatic or even fatal injuries as a result of the airbag failure, you have every reason to seek compensation.

Determining Liability

Most manufacturers attempt to protect themselves from this type of litigation by not actually making any specific guarantees about exactly when the airbags should deploy.

  • Drivers tend to think that their airbag will deploy in any accident, but the actual legal language the manufacturers use tends to avoid making any such claim.
  • If you were in an accident and your airbag didn’t deploy when you feel it should have, hiring a car accident lawyer DC trusts is usually the first step towards proving that what you say is true.
  • In most cases, a litigation expert will consult with automotive engineers who can confirm that the airbag should have deployed.
  • Under certain circumstances, it may not even be necessary to determine the reason that the airbags didn’t deploy. If an engineer can testify that the airbags should have deployed based on the type of accident and your speed, your case will be greatly strengthened and you’ll have a much better chance of being awarded a damage claim.

The size of the damage claim depends on the extent and severity of the resultant injuries and can be quite significant in cases of death. Of course, nothing can ever bring back your loved one or take back any pain and suffering, but at least you can ensure that the manufacturer is held responsible. If you or a loved one suffered a serious injury due to an airbag malfunction, consider contacting a personal injury attorney right away.

The Law Firm of Frederick J. Brynn, P.C.Thanks to our friends and contributors from The Law Firm of Frederick J. Brynn, P.C. for their insight into airbag accidents and personal injury cases.

Filed Under: Uncategorized

May 15, 2017 by lawyeradmin

Is a Company Legally Obligated to Prevent Workplace Accidents?

The bottom line answer is yes. A business is legally obligated to prevent workplace accidents. Employers should do everything possible to prevent employee accidents on the job. Businesses should maintain a safe environment for vendors, clients, visitors, and others.
Operating a business requires that business owners shoulder many duties. Employee health and safety must always be a priority. If a worker is injured on the job, an injured employee can receive workers’ compensation insurance. However, there are at least five situations in which the employee may sue for compensatory damages caused by a workplace injury:

#1: Defective Product Injury
If an employee is injured at work using a defective product, he or she might have the option to bring a products liability lawsuit against the product manufacturer.
Let’s say that Jill was using a defective binding machine to compile reports. She burns her hand using the product and needs medical attention. She might file a claim against the binding machine manufacturer to pay for medical bills, lost wages, pain, and suffering.

#2: Toxic Substance Injury
If an employee was injured using a toxic substance, he or she may be able to bring a toxic tort action against the substance manufacturer.
In this example, Jack is using a paint stripper product in his employer’s furniture restoration shop. Although he uses the product according to instructions, the fumes cause him to fall and hit his head on the workshop floor. Jack may have the option to file a lawsuit to compensate for emergency room costs, medical bills, lost income, and pain and suffering.

#3: Intention or Egregious Employer Conduct
If an employee is injured because of an employer’s “intentional” or “egregious” conduct, he or she may choose to file a personal injury claim against the employer.
For instance, if the employer demanded Sally to accomplish a certain task without the proper safety tools, she might be able to bring an action against the employer to pay for medical bills, lost income, and pain and suffering when she is injured.

#4: Third-Party Cause of Injury
If a third party, such as a client of the employer, caused Julia (an employee) an injury, she may have the option to file a claim against that party.
When Julia is carrying a client’s package to his company vehicle, the client pulls away from the curb. Julia is injured by the client’s actions. She may have the right to sue the client to pay for medical costs, lost wages, pain, and suffering.

#5: Employer Doesn’t Carry Workers’ Compensation Insurance
Most states require employers to carry workers’ compensation insurance. If an employer fails to buy workers’ comp insurance, the injured employee may have cause to file a civil suit against the employer or collect from the state’s fund.
In this example, Melinda sustains a repetitive motion injury. (According to Liberty Mutual Insurance, employees’ repetitive motion injuries cost employers more than $15 billion each year.) She works as an accountant for the employer. Because the employer doesn’t have physical laborers on staff and cash flow is tight, he doesn’t pay the workers’ compensation policy premium. Melinda can’t work and files a claim against the employer for medical costs, lost wages, pain, and suffering.

Summing It Up
Most responsible employers pay the workers’ compensation insurance premium so that if an employee is injured or becomes ill on the job, a financial safety net exists. An employer’s industry may increase the likelihood of employee injuries. Depending on the business you operate and the tasks your employees perform, you may have few or many workers’ compensation claims each year.
Recognize that most workplace injuries are preventable and it’s important to take all steps necessary to safeguard employees on the job. If you were injured in a workplace accident, talk to a personal injury or Brooklyn workers compensation lawyer to learn about your legal options.
PolskyShouldiceThank to our friends and contributors from Polsky, Shouldice & Rosen P.C. for their insight into workers compensation insurance.

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May 4, 2017 by lawyeradmin

Motorcycle Road Rage

Road rage is very real and occurs more often than many people realize. Motorcycle enthusiasts may experience it even more than the typical motorist. As a result, they are sometimes injured by another driver’s negligence or their malicious intention.
Road Rage Can Happen Anywhere
Road rage does not only occur in congested traffic on busy highways, even though that scenario is common.
  • It can happen in remote locations along the highway, and accidents may not always be the result of intentional acts. But, there are often intentional acts of the aggressive motorist that ultimately lead to a crash.
  • Motorcyclists do not have the same level of protection as when riding in passenger vehicles. For bikers, even a seemingly minor crash can result in serious injuries that can impact the rider for life.
  • Road rage incidents almost inevitably will be contentious in terms of assigning liability or fault. As a result, a victim’s injury claim may be denied. This is why it is important to have an experienced motorcycle accident attorney handling your claim.
Comparative Negligence Laws
Comparative negligence laws vary by state. Consult with a motorcycle accident attorney to learn how they apply in your situation. General information is as follows:
  • Pure comparative means that anyone injured in an accident can recover a percentage of their damages if they are not 100% responsible for the motorcycle accident.
  • Negligence does not always apply in states that use “no fault” insurance law, as injured claimants file with their personal insurance company first before the case is evaluated for recovering additional damages.
  • The opportunity to file for additional negligence damages is often allowed in road rage cases because many times one party is the aggressor and the other is the respondent driver.
  • The challenge for the court, and for the jury if a case goes to trial, is to determine who instigated the crash.
  • The final assessment of who is the negligent party, and by what percentage they are at fault, is considered in a settlement agreement.
Road rage cases are often challenging to win which is why having an attorney on your side can make all the difference. In addition, a comprehensive accident investigation may be necessary and most law firms have private investigators with whom they work on a regular basis. It may be in your best interest to choose an experienced motorcycle accident attorney who understands how to craft a case involving road rage and let them put their experience to work. Contact a motorcycle accident lawyer trusts today for a free consultation.

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May 2, 2017 by lawyeradmin

Reducing Neck Pain After a Car Accident

Even a minor accident can have lasting effects when it comes to neck and spine injuries. The most common injury after an accident is whiplash.  Whiplash causes the muscles around the spine to tighten as protection.  Continual tension in this area can cause the muscles to shorten, which then leads to pain, loss of motion, and headaches.  If uncorrected, whiplash can even have compromising effects on your posture.

 

Stretching:

Stretching is the best way to reduce and prevent pain.  Levator scapula stretches help to lengthen this muscle where it attaches to your shoulder-blade (scapula), offering better range of motion and a more relaxed position. This, in turn, will help you to maintain proper posture by keeping your neck and shoulders neutral, relaxed, and the muscles elongated.

 

Practice Good Posture:

Consider your typical position when seated.  Is your neck elongated?  Are your shoulders tight and curved?  Consider your standing position, as well.  Do you round your shoulders there, too?  Oftentimes we do so because correct posture is painful, since we have become stuck in a cycle of improper body mechanics.  Instead, when seated, be conscious of your body.  Think about your neck, shoulders, and spine.  Our body’s optimal position is to have our spine aligned, top to bottom, and our neck in a neutral but straight position.  We also do well to consider how much weight we are placing on our hips when we sit; if our back is not properly aligned, our hips will bear the brunt of this, too.  The same principles apply to our standing posture, as well.

The mid back and the low back (lumbar spine) can also be aggravated after the incident, since an accident can shift the pelvis during impact.  After such big changes, the entire top of your body is being supported by the lumbar spine in a seated position.
Seeking Help:
Enlisting the help of an experienced neck pain doctor Rockville MD relies on can be an important first step to recovery. They can evaluate your injury and develop a holistic approach to healing that can expedite your treatment and get you back on your feet sooner. They can also help educate you on the best stretches and posture exercises for your specific injury, so you can better treat yourself at home.


Thanks to our friends and contributors from Pain & Arthritis Relief Center for their insight into neck injuries after an accident.

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March 1, 2017 by lawyeradmin

In What Ways Can a Previous Injury Affect My Personal Injury Claim or Lawsuit?

Previous Conditions and Personal Injury Claims
A pre-existing condition or previous injury can significantly affect the value of a personal injury claim. Depending on the relationship between the previous condition and the new injury, and on the examining doctor’s opinion, the claim can be positively or negatively impacted.

If a client has a pre-existing condition and they sustain a new but similar injury because of someone’s negligent behavior, they should consult a personal injury lawyer Milwaukee WI relies on. In this blog post injury victims can learn how a previous injury might affect their current claim.

Beneficial Effects
A pre-existing condition can make some claims worth more because an aggravated injury can be more painful and complicated to treat than the original injury. In the legal field, the “eggshell plaintiff” theory holds that a defendant must take the plaintiff as-is. As an example, if a person with brittle bones is hit by a car, the driver cannot reduce his or her liability by arguing that a normal person’s injuries would have been less severe. If a victim’s treating physician will attest to the existence of a pre-existing condition, and that all subsequent treatment is related to the current injury, the client may be able to recover for all medical expenses even though they are likely to be higher than those of a person without a pre-existing injury.

Harmful Effects
Pre-existing injuries and conditions can make claims worth less because they can cast doubt on treatment. For instance, if a person regularly sees a chiropractor because they have a significant amount of work-related back pain, and they continue to see the same doctor after an auto accident, the other driver’s insurance adjuster will doubt the legitimacy of a claim. The at-fault party’s insurer may allege that the victim used the accident as a reason to over-treat a previous injury, or that only a portion of treatment was related to the auto accident. When an insurance company questions a claim’s legitimacy, it can greatly decrease the claim’s value.

Seeking Legal Assistance
Because of the higher likelihood of a claim denial, many victims seek legal advice from a personal injury attorney after a pre-existing condition is worsened by someone’s negligent conduct. Such cases are often complex, and in most instances, a medical expert is the only person who can differentiate between previous and current damage.

An injury lawyer can financially assess the victim’s pain, suffering, medical bills, lost earnings capacity, and loss of companionship. They can then present the evidence and a demand letter to the insurance company.

In Conclusion
If an accident victim has a pre-existing injury, the best thing he or she can do is to find an attorney who has experience pursuing similar claims. Following that, the victim should ask the medical provider to draft a letter stating which treatments apply to each set of injuries. It is vital to consult a lawyer early in the claims process, so the attorney can ensure that the client is treated fairly during negotiations.

Hickey and Turim Thanks to our friends and contributors from Hickey & Turim SC for their insight into pre-existing injuries and personal injury cases.

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February 28, 2017 by lawyeradmin

Standards and Premises Liability

Premises liability is the legal concept that property owners have a duty to their visitors and guests to ensure that the property has no unreasonable dangers, such as tripping or falling hazards. If a property owner fails in this duty to maintain adequately safe conditions, and this failure is the cause of injury to a person visiting their property, premises liability gives the victim of these injuries a pathway to recover compensation for the damage inflicted upon them.

One of the responsibilities of property owners, especially owners of public places that receive large amounts of foot traffic, is to clearly mark any potential tripping or slipping hazards. This is why stores often keep “wet floor” signs on areas that have been recently moped, or why short steps are often painted yellow to be sure that they are obvious to people passing by. The general standard is that the property owner must act reasonably to prevent what might be a dangerous condition. Though the safest thing to do is eliminate the hazard altogether, it can also be acceptable just to make the hazard clear to see.

It is important to note that there is also a standard to the visitor or guest to avoid acting in a careless manner that might lead to their injury. If there is substantial evidence that the victim was failing to act reasonably, then they will have immense difficulty receiving any compensation through premises liability.

This standard is in place because of the very real danger that an unnoticeable tripping hazard has on any person, especially if they are elderly or disabled. Falling can lead to broken bones, concussions, and costly emergency room visits. The severity of this should not be trivialized by property owners, and the importance of eliminating or labeling tripping hazards and other dangers cannot be emphasized enough.

If you have been the victim of a tripping and falling accident caused by an unnoticeable hazard, you should contact an experienced personal injury attorney Atlanta GA trusts right away to see if you will be able to receive compensation for your injuries and medical expense. The carelessness of others should not be a cost to you, and with the help of a skilled premise liability attorney you can rest easy and focus on healing, without the stress of lengthy legal battle.

Andrew LynchThanks to our friends and contributors from Andrew R. Lynch, P.C. for their insight into premises liability.

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February 24, 2017 by lawyeradmin

Do You Have a Motorcycle Accident Injury Claim? What You Should Know

As per the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA), 4,976 people died in motorcycle accidents in 2015. About 88,000 more were injured. The year before that, the NHTSA determined that motorcyclists were 27 times more likely to die and five times more likely to be injured in a crash than drivers or occupants of passenger vehicles.

There’s no question that motorcyclists have the same rights on the road as drivers of other motor vehicles. If a motorcyclist is injured as a result of the carelessness and negligence of somebody else, he or she has every right to bring a personal injury claim or lawsuit against the person or entity that caused the crash. Nearly all claims of this type are based on the law of negligence.

Negligence

About 98 percent of the motorcycle accident cases that we file on behalf of our clients are brought under the law of negligence. In order to sustain your case, we have to prove the elements of negligence. These elements are:

  • The person who you claim was at fault for the accident owed you a duty of care
  • He or she breached that duty
  • The breach of that duty caused the crash
  • The crash was the proximate cause of your injuries
  • You suffered legally recognized damages

Every one of those elements must be proved. If we’re not able to prove any one of those elements, the claim fails in its entirety. If we think that we can prove the elements, you’re likely to have a personal injury claim.

What Is a Claim?

In the claim stage, we might deal directly with the insurer of the party who caused your motorcycle crash and injuries. There’s no judge or jury because no lawsuit has been filed. If the claim doesn’t settle, a lawsuit is often filed to protect the statute of limitations.

The Statute of Limitations

Every state has a period of time within which a personal injury lawsuit must be filed. If a person fails to file their personal injury lawsuit within the time prescribed by the statute of limitations, it’s highly likely that the court will dismiss their case permanently. Remember that a claim is not a lawsuit. In some states, the statute of limitations might be as short as one year, and in other states, it might be as long as four years.

Damages in Your Claim or Lawsuit

Once all of the elements of negligence have been proved, you’re entitled to an award of damages. Although every state is somewhat different, the damages generally awardable in personal injury cases consist of:

  • Past and future medical, therapy, and rehabilitation bills
  • Past and future lost earnings
  • Any permanent disfigurement
  • Any permanent disability
  • Pain and suffering
  • Loss of a normal life

In the event that a motorcyclist died as a result of a crash, other damages can be awarded in a wrongful death claim. Since every state has its own wrongful death statute, reference must be made to your state’s statute to find out what damages might be available. An experienced motorcycle accident lawyer Memphis TN trusts can provide you with more clarity with regards to this.

Comparative Negligence

If a percentage of liability for the accident is attributable to you, the damages award might be reduced accordingly. Be aware of your state’s comparative negligence laws. Once again, an attorney can provide legal guidance.

The most important thing that a motorcyclist can do after an accident is to contact a motorcycle accident attorney right away. Our office offers free consultations and case evaluations that help motorcyclists determine whether they have a case. If it’s determined that there is a case, we’ll advise him or her when the statute of limitations on it will expire.

Wiseman BrayThanks to our friends and contributors from Wiseman Bray PLLC for their insight into motorcycle accident cases.

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February 10, 2017 by lawyeradmin

Top Two Ways to Stop International Cybersquatters

The prosecution of cybersquatters may be a complex challenge for international businesses, particularly as the rules applying to the registration and protection of domain names differ from one country to the next. Two key strategies are important for businesses to halt this digital domain-name theft: A. Whether a particular policy affords protection to names and unregistered marks, and B. whether protection extends to non-national companies and individuals.

Recognition of common law rights

Just as only some countries recognize common law rights in unregistered marks and names, only some domain name dispute resolution policies (DRP) extend protection to such rights.

The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy(UDRP) provides that to obtain the transfer of certain generic top-level domains, the complainant must be the owner of a trademark. Therefore, whether an unregistered trademark could be the basis for obtaining the transfer of a domain name under the UDRP had long remained unclear. However, a number of recent decisions seem to have firmly anchored in the practice of panels applying the UDRP the principle that proven common law rights give rise to protection against cybersquatters.

For example, in Jack Russell Terrier Club of America Inc v McKinney, a National ArbitrationForum(NAF) panel ordered the transfer of the domain name ‘jrtca.net’ to complainant JackRussell Terrier Club of Americaon the basis of its unregistered rights in the trademark JRTCA. The club showed that it had been using the JRTCA trademark in the United States for over 20 years and that it had also secured exclusive rights by registering the mark with the US Patent and Trademark Office. The respondent, Elisabeth W McKinney, registered the domain name nearly a full year before the club obtained registration for the mark JRTCA. However, the panel noted that McKinney:

A. knew of the club’s unregistered rights in the mark as a former affiliate, and B. registered a domain name using an exclusive mark to create a forum to distribute negative information about a competitor. All these facts supported findings that McKinney had acted in bad faith (see Common law trademark rights are not ‘all bark and no bite’).

This decision confirms the interpretation of Paragraph 4(a)(i) of the UDRP that sole panellist Andrew F Christie gave in British Broadcasting Corporation v Renteria. Christie stated that the policy “does not distinguish between registered and unregistered trademarks and service marks in the context of abusive registration of domain names”, and therefore could also be applied to unregistered rights (however, Christie did not make a decision on this particular point).

Similarly, in Nixon v Kaine, NAF panel list Tyrus R Atkinson Jr ordered the transfer of the domain name ‘trotnixon.com’ to Major League Baseball player Trot Nixon. Atkinson found that, as a celebrity, Nixon had sufficient rights in his name to satisfy the UDRP requirements. In particular, Atkinson pointed out that a person whose name has a reputation may acquire common law trademark rights in that name (see Boston Red Sox right-fielder wins’TrotNixon.com’).

Whether national DRPs protect unregistered rights varies, but it is usual for countries of common law tradition to recognize such rights in their DRPs. For example, Paragraph 2(a)(i) of the UK Nominet’s Dispute Resolution Service Policy provides that “the complainant has rights in respect of a name or mark which is identical or similar to the domain name”.

Under this provision, Quantix Ltdobtained the transferof the domain name ‘quantix-uk.co.uk’. Although it had been trading under that name since 1995, Quantix did not register its company name until October 2002. Stephen Wigglesworth registered the domain name ‘quantix-uk.co.uk’ in November 2002. However, Quantix was able to prove that (i) it had acquired substantial reputation and goodwill in the name Quantix, and (ii) Wigglesworth used the domain name to stop Quantix from registering it and confuse potential customers. The fact that Wigglesworth also offered ‘quantix-uk.co.uk’ for sale at a price clearly in excess of his out-of-pocket costs finally convinced the Nominet expert that the registration was abusive. But start-ups can avoid all this hassle by just obtaining expert legal advice as they begin to operate their new ventures.

In Mohsan v Bond, the Nominet expert took the view that the complainant’s personal name, Tahir Mohsan, apart from being an important part of his identity, was also an uncommon name for the United Kingdom. This was sufficient to establish rights in the name. In addition, the expert considered the registration abusive and therefore ordered the transfer of the domain name ‘tahirmohsan.co.uk’ to Mohsan.

The Australian Dispute Resolution Policy(auDRP) has similar provisions in its Paragraph 4(a)(i). Indeed, the first auDRP panel to orderthe transfer of a domain name issued its decision under that paragraph (seeGlobalCenter wins first transfer under the auDRP). The panel made specific reference to the differences between the UDRP and auDRP. In particular, it stated:

“It is unnecessary in this case for the panel to determine whether the complainant has established trademark rights. However, it is necessary under this limb of the policy to determine whether the complainant has rights in a name and the complainant must show that this name is “identical or confusingly similar” to the disputed domains. That is one key difference between the policy and the UDRP.”

The United States also protects common law trademark rights and rights in names under its Anti-cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act. However, in the absence of a national dispute resolution forum for cybersquatting cases, transfers can only be obtained through court proceedings.

Protection restricted by nationality

Another element often overlooked by companies seeking to enforce their trademark rights through an arbitration forum is whether they are eligible for registration of a domain name, and consequently for a transfer, in a specific country. Indeed, some of the policies regulating the registration of country-code top-level domains require that the registrant has specific connections with the territory.

For example, Article 4 of the Italian Naming Rulesto obtain a ‘.it’ domain name provides that only EU nationals are eligible for registration. However, Article 14 of the Italian DisputeResolution Policy(itDRP), which is substantially based on the UDRP, provides that any entity (whether EU national or not) has the right to file a complaint. Two decisions issued under the itDRP provide good examples of the possible consequences of the combination of these two Italian provisions.

In Mastercard International v Future Time di Marini Alessandro & C sas, US company Mastercard Internationalfiled a complaint for the transfer of the domain name ‘mastercard.it’ to its Belgian subsidiary or, alternatively, the cancellation of the domain name. The panel stated that Mastercard is entitled to file a complaint against the respondent and that all the requirements for the transfer of the domain name had been met. However, the panel refused to transfer ‘mastercard.it’ because (i) Mastercard is not an EU company and therefore cannot be the registrant of a ‘.it.’ domain name, and (ii) only the complainant can obtain the transfer of the domain name and the Belgian subsidiary entitled to the domain name did not join the dispute as co-complainant. Nevertheless, the panel accepted Mastercard’s second request and ordered the cancellation of ‘mastercard.it’.

In Netdesk Corporation v Pagano, US company Netdesk Corporationsought to obtain the transfer of the domain name ‘netdesk.it’. Netdesk’s licensee Racheli & C SpAfiled the complaint but did not join as co-complainant. The panel pointed out that as the only complainant in the proceedings, Netdesk – a non-EU company – was not entitled to obtain the transfer of ‘netdesk.it’.

Similar territorial restrictions can also be found in connection with the registration of second-level domain namesin Australia. However, no case seems to have been decided on this particular issue.

Lastly, although France does not have a DRP, it is worth mentioning the rules governing the registration of the ‘.fr’ domain. In particular, the rulesset up by the French Association for Cooperation in Internet Naming (AFNIC) provide that “a domain name within the ‘.fr’ naming zone can be attributed to any requesting body officially registered in France or to any natural person living in France or of French nationality”. However, Chapter 2(4)(11) of the ‘.fr’ rules makes an exception for owners of trademark registrations valid in the French territory.

In summary, because DRPs may vary from the better-known UDRP in more than one way, companies taking action against cybersquatters should consider whether they are eligible for a transfer under a particular policy. Besides considering whether a court proceeding would be better suited to obtain the desired result (eg, damages), the complainant should carefully evaluate whether the rights (in a name or trademark) that form the basis of the complaint are recognized under that policy. Companies filing a complaint outside their national territory should also check whether they are eligible for a domain name transfer. If not, they should consider the possibility of a local subsidiary joining them as co-complainant. Call a top patent lawyer Naperville IL trusts today for advice on cybersquatting.

Sherinian LawThanks to our friends and contributors from The Law Offices of Konrad Sherinian for their insight into stopping international cybersquatters.

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